But most Black veterans had been left behind. By that time, nearly 8 million World War II veterans had received education or training, and 4.3 million home loans worth $33 billion had been handed out.
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“Though Congress granted all soldiers the same benefits theoretically,” writes historian Hilary Herbold, “the segregationist principles of almost every institution of higher learning effectively disbarred a huge proportion of Black veterans from earning a college degree.” The GI Bill and the Racial Wealth Gap Most were unaccredited, and with a massive influx in applicants, they had to turn away tens of thousands of veterans.
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A full 95 percent of Black veterans were shunted off to Black colleges-institutions that were underfunded and overwhelmed by the influx of new students. Those students who did try to attend college found doors closed at every turn. And the VA itself encouraged Black veterans to apply for vocational training instead of university admission and arbitrarily denied educational benefits to some students. Northern universities dragged their feet when it came to admitting Black students, and Southern colleges barred Black students entirely. Public education provided poor preparation for Black students, and many lacked much educational attainment at all due to poverty and social pressures.Īs veteran applications flooded universities, Black students often found themselves left out. But those who did were at a considerable disadvantage compared to their white counterparts. Many Black men returning home from the war didn’t even try to take advantage of the bill’s educational benefits-they could not afford to spend time in school instead of working. “In New York and the northern New Jersey suburbs, fewer than 100 of the 67,000 mortgages insured by the GI bill supported home purchases by non-whites.” Failure to Receive GI Bill Education Benefitsīlack veterans in search of the education they had been guaranteed fared no better. “These impediments were not confined to the South,” notes historian Ira Katznelson. In 1947, only 2 of the more than 3,200 VA-guaranteed home loans in 13 Mississippi cities went to Black borrowers. Thousands of Black veterans were attacked in the years following World War II and some were singled out and lynched. In 1947, for example, a crowd hurled rocks at Black veterans as they moved into a Chicago housing development. Simple intimidation kept others from enjoying GI Bill benefits. Black veterans in a vocational training program at a segregated high school in Indianapolis were unable to participate in activities related to plumbing, electricity and printing because adequate equipment was only available to white students.
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Veterans who did qualify could not find facilities that delivered on the bill’s promise. Some could not access benefits because they had not been given an honorable discharge-and a much larger number of Black veterans were discharged dishonorably than their white counterparts. The GI Bill’s Effect on Black Veteransįrom the start, Black veterans had trouble securing the GI Bill’s benefits. It ushered into law sweeping benefits for veterans, including college tuition, low-cost home loans, and unemployment insurance. Roosevelt signed the Servicemen’s Readjustment Act into law on June 22, 1944, only weeks after the D-Day offensive began. The American Legion ended up tracking down the Congressman who had left his proxy vote with Rankin and flying him to Washington to break the deadlock.
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Rankin knew this would represent a significant gain for Black Southerners, so he refused to cast a critical proxy vote in protest. When the bill came to a committee vote, he stonewalled in an attempt to gut another provision that entitled all veterans to $20 a week of unemployment compensation for a year. Rankin was known for his virulent racism: He defended segregation, opposed interracial marriage, and had even proposed legislation to confine, then deport, every person with Japanese heritage during World War II. To make sure the GI Bill largely benefited white people, the southern Democrats drew on tactics they had previously used to ensure that the New Deal helped as few Black people as possible.ĭuring the drafting of the law, the chair of the House Veterans Committee, Mississippi Congressman John Rankin, played hardball and insisted that the program be administered by individual states instead of the federal government. When lawmakers began drafting the GI Bill in 1944, some Southern Democrats feared that returning Black veterans would use public sympathy for veterans to advocate against Jim Crow laws. While the GI Bill’s language did not specifically exclude African-American veterans from its benefits, it was structured in a way that ultimately shut doors for the 1.2 million Black veterans who had bravely served their country during World War II, in segregated ranks.